Project Type: CURRENT AT MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES

Stephen Bowers: Conference of the Birds

Stephen Bowers: Conference of the Birds

Stephen Bowers: Conference of the Birds


Lauraine Diggins Fine Art

Boonwurrung Country
5 Malakoff Street
North Caulfield VIC Australia 3161

October 26 – December 7, 2024

Featuring Stephen Bowers

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


This exhibition is full of vivid images portraying birds in colour-saturated settings where they overlap complex fragmentary backgrounds,  many derived from engravings and textiles. This rich mash-up of visual ideas is playfully and skilfully rendered using meticulous brushstrokes that are imitative of industrial process.

ABOUT STEPHEN BOWERS


Stephen Bowers (b.1952, Sydney, lives and works in in Norwood, South Australia) is a self-taught artist working in ceramics- often focusing on strikingly decorative textiles, wallpapers, comic strips, natural history illustration found within the imagery of his childhood in the mid-1970’s. Close observation of his often seemingly innocent decorations of cockatoos, kangaroos, and willow patterns, reveals subtexts of irony, commentary, and social observation, inviting viewers to look beyond the bravura of the surface to discover a complex and layered world.

Bowers has participated in numerous international exhibitions within Australia and overseas, including the UK, Norway, Italy, Denmark and China and here in the states. His work is included in numerous permanent collections, including the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Peabody Essex Museum (Salem, MA), Brooklyn Museum of Art, (NY, NY), National Museum of Art Architecture and Design, (Oslo, Norway), Los Angeles County Museum of Modern Art, (LA, CA), Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, (Launceston, Tasmania)  Museum of International Ceramic Art, (Denmark), Australian National Gallery, (Canberra, Australia), Powerhouse Museum, (Sydney, Australia) National Museum of History, (Taipei Taiwan), Parliament House, (Canberra Australia), among many others.

From 2004 to 2010 he directed the International Craft Initiative (ICI) on behalf of the Australia Council, developing survey presentations of contemporary Australian craft for exhibition in Chicago, Munich and London.  In 2015 Stephen undertook a Churchill Fellowship to research blue and white ceramic collections in the USA, the UK, Denmark and the Netherlands. In January this year he exhibited with Ferrin Contemporary at the 2018 New York Ceramics and Glass Fair and his work was recently on show at The Frick Pittsburgh. In August/September this year he will exhibit at the Robin Gibson Gallery in Sydney and the Scottish Gallery in Edinburgh.

LAUREN MABRY in Clocking In: 2024 Arts/Industry Residents

LAUREN MABRY in Clocking In: 2024 Arts/Industry Residents

December 14 – March 2, 2025

At the John Michael Kohler Arts Center
Sheboygan, WI

Featuring work by Lauren Mabry

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


FEATURED WORKS BY LAUREN MABRY

As part of the Arts Center’s celebration of Arts/Industry’s fiftieth anniversary, the twelve artists in residence at the Kohler Co. factory during 2024 will exhibit their work in a yearlong group exhibition, Clocking In: 2024 Arts/Industry Residents.

Since 1974, over five hundred artists have participated in the Arts Center’s Arts/Industry residency. The program, operated in collaboration with Kohler Co., offers artists the time and space to focus on the creation of new work in the company’s pottery and foundry studios, encouraging experimental art making on the factory floor and engagement with Kohler Co. associates.

The exhibition will present four residents’ work at a time, in rotations of approximately four months each. Connections between the artists and their work will surface as the exhibition evolves, similar to the experience of a residency. Artists will show a range of work—some previously created, some newly commissioned for the exhibition, and some made during their residency.

Artists featured in the exhibition include first-time residents Shae Bishop, Justin Favela, Cathy Hsiao, Sahar Khoury, Lauren Mabry, and Ger Xiong/Ntxawg Xyooj. Returning Arts/Industry alumni artists Sharif Bey, Mary Anne Kluth, Harold Mendez, Martha Poggioli, Lee Emma Running, and Edra Soto will also present work in the exhibition.

ABOUT LAUREN MABRY


American, b. 1985, Cincinnati, OH
lives and works in Philadelphia, PA

Lauren Mabry is recognized internationally for her bold, dynamic glazes and inventive use of material, color, and form. Her ceramic vessels, objects, and dimensional paintings embrace experimentation as a way to question the boundary between abstract painting, minimalist sculpture, and process art.

Mabry is the recipient of individual grants from the Pew Center for Arts & Heritage, the Independence Foundation, and the National Council on Education in the Ceramic Arts  Emerging Artist Award, and she has worked at the Jingdezhen International Studio in China and the Gaya Ceramic Art Center in Bali, Indonesia.

Mabry has shown in numerous institutions including the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, (Omaha, NE), Fuller Craft Museum (Brockton, MA) and Milwaukee Art Museum, (Milwaukee, WI), and her work is included in the collections of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, (Kansas City, MO), Daum Museum of Contemporary Art, (Sedalia, MO), Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, (Overland Park, KS), and Sheldon Museum of Art, (Lincoln, NE).

In 2007, Mabry completed her BFA from Kansas City Art Institute, and she received her MFA from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2012. Mabry is represented by Pentimenti, (Philadelphia, PA), and Ferrin Contemporary.

COURTNEY M. LEONARD in Shifting Shorelines: Art, Industry, and Ecology along the Hudson River

COURTNEY M. LEONARD in Shifting Shorelines: Art, Industry, and Ecology along the Hudson River

Shifting Shorelines: Art, Industry, and Ecology along the Hudson River


Wallach Art Gallery at Columbia University | New York, NY

October 5, 2024 – January 12, 2025

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


Shifting Shorelines brings together historic and contemporary art, visual culture, and environmental science to engage the history of human existence, commerce, and industry along the Hudson estuary. Focusing on the river’s edges from Albany southward to its flow into the Atlantic Ocean, the exhibition foregrounds the impact of local industry on the natural environment, highlighting the history of the river’s distinctive ecological features such as brackish and salt marshes, mudflats, and beaches, along with the docks, factories, and buildings that crowded them out. Through visual and material evidence, Shifting Shorelines demonstrates the various cycles of exploitation, damage, and reclamation.

Shifting Shorelines actively engages in a critical dialogue with images of the river as a natural paradise by showing these seemingly hegemonic portrayals alongside contrasting representations that consider the exploitation and environmental damage to the river that has accompanied many of the human endeavors along its shores. In so doing it offers a counter reading of the received art historical narratives—narratives overwhelmingly grounded on the work of white male artists—that aims for a rich and complex understanding of the legacy, life, and livelihoods along the river informed by the voices and experiences of a broad range of creators.

The exhibition will be accompanied by a publication as well as academic and public programming.

ARTISTS IN THE EXHIBITION


Henry Ary • Victor Gifford Audubon • Alvin Baltrop • Gifford Reynolds Beal • Julie Hart Beers • George Bellows • Daniel Putnam Brinley • Johann Hermann Carmienke • Frederic Edwin Church • Thomas Cole • Glenn O. Coleman • Samuel Colman • Thomas Commeraw • John V. Cornell • Jasper F. Cropsey • Henry Golden Dearth • Aaron Douglas • Joellyn Duesberry • Ernest Fiene • Kryn Frederycks • Reva Fuhrman • Emil Ganso • Marie-François-Régis Gignoux • Shi Guorui • David Hammons • Joost Hartgersz • Palmer Hayden • Edward Hopper • Donna Hogerhuis • Every Ocean Hughes • William Henry Jackson • Yvonne Jacquette • David Johnson • Abraham Leon Kroll • Athena LaTocha • Ernest Lawson • An-My Lê • Courtney M. Leonard • Marie Lorenz • George Benjamin Luks • John Marin • Reginald Marsh • Gordon Matta-Clark • Alex Matthew • Alan Michelson • Charles Frederick William Mielatz • Jacques Gerard Milbert • Thomas Moran • William H. Moschett • Ruth Orkin • Anthony Papa • Lisa Sanditz • Henry Schnakenberg • Jean-Marc Superville Sovak • Alfred Stieglitz • Joseph Vollmering • John Ferguson Weir • Worthington Whittredge

ABOUT COURTNEY M. LEONARD


Courtney Leonard Artist Portrait

Courtney M. Leonard is an artist and filmmaker, who has contributed to the Offshore Art movement. Leonard’s current work embodies the multiple definitions of “breach”, an exploration and documentation of historical ties to water, whale and material sustainability.

In collaboration with national and international museums, cultural institutions, and indigenous communities in North America, New Zealand, Nova Scotia, and the United States Embassies, Leonard’s practice investigates narratives of cultural viability as a reflection of environmental record.

ON VIEW | Ferrin Contemporary at Project Art

ON VIEW | Ferrin Contemporary at Project Art

Ferrin Contemporary exhibits artwork from represented artists and collections in the galleries at Project Art in Cummington, MA. View artists’ most recent works, installations from recent traveling exhibitions, and objects and artworks from artist archives and Ferrin Contemporary’s historic collection.

OUR INSTALLATION SPACES


THE SUMMER GALLERY

Ferrin Contemporary’s Summer Gallery is situated on the south end of Project Art and hosts curated exhibitions in a more traditional white-box setting.

Now on view in the Summer Gallery:

ALWAYS ON VIEW

The gallery provides a more domestic, residential setting to view artworks. Works are displayed on both pedestals and period furniture, alongside a sitting area where visitors can peruse a selection of artist and our library of books and catalogs.

Now on view:

The Studios at Project Art exhibits small works by resident artists.

Now on view in the Studio:

  • Cups and vases by Kadri Pärnamets
  • Cups, demo works, maquettes, and small works by Sergei Isupov
  • Illustrated brooches and dishes by Roosi Isupov
Cristina Córdova in EL PUENTE

Cristina Córdova in EL PUENTE

RESCHEDULED. Dates coming soon.

John & Robyn Horn Gallery

At Penland School of Craft

Penland, NC

Featuring work by Cristina Córdova

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


A metaphorical bridge, El Puente, exists between Puerto Rico and the US, which share a complex and often misunderstood political and cultural relationship. How do we express El Puente through the lens of Puerto Rican artists?

This exhibition centers on legacy and culture, focusing on multi-generational artists in dialogue with the US through their education, residencies, and career opportunities. Co-curator Cristina Córdova characterizes this phenomenon as a continuous loop of communal encounters and mutual influence, followed by a momentary respite in which the encounters are assimilated and transformed within the artistic community. This pattern has taken place over many years and generations, moving back and forth between two territories inextricably connected yet distinctly separate, sometimes with intention and at times unconsciously. What are the influences of this bridge on the insular art community in Puerto Rico and how do the experiences evolve in the vacuum of an underresourced arts community?

Through the lens of Puerto Rican artists who have cultivated long- and short-term connections with the US throughout their formative and professional trajectories, El Puente offers insights into how these connections shape and inform the artistic practices, perspectives, and creative trajectories of Puerto Rican artists and consequently feed into the broader landscape of contemporary American craft in an evolving and continuous dynamic.

Participating artists: Cristina Córdova, Ada del Pilar Ortiz, Luis Gabriel Sanabria, and Jaime Suárez

ABOUT CRISTINA CÓRDOVA


Puerto Rican, b. 1976, Boston, MA
lives and works in Penland, NC

Native to Puerto Rico, Cristina Córdova creates figurative compositions that explore the boundary between the materiality of an object and our involuntary dialogues with the self-referential. Images captured through the lens of a Latin American upbringing question socio-cultural notions of gender, race, beauty, and power.  Córdova has received numerous grants including the North Carolina Arts Council Fellowship Grant, a Virginia Groot Foundation Recognition Grant, several International Association of Art Critics of Puerto Rico awards, and a prestigious United States Artist Fellowship award in 2015.

Córdova has had solo exhibitions at the Alfred Ceramic Art Museum, (Alfred, NY), and her work is included in the collections of the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, (Washington, DC), Colección Acosta de San Juan Puerto Rico, (San Juan, PR), the Mint Museum of Craft + Design, (Charlotte, NC), and Museum of Contemporary Art, (San Juan, PR). In 1998, Córdova completed her BA at the University of Puerto Rico, and she received her MFA from the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University in 2002. Córdova is represented by Ferrin Contemporary.

Jacqueline Bishop: THE KEEPER OF ALL THE SECRETS

Jacqueline Bishop: THE KEEPER OF ALL THE SECRETS

August 23 through November 3, 2024

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


As part of our public programme Time, Space and Empire – a multi-site, cross-arts programme of artist commissions, installations, talks and films that explore the imperial history of Stoke-on-Trent and Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site – Culture& is working with the V&A Wedgwood Collection on a display of ceramic works by contemporary artist Jacqueline Bishop. The artwork is a 13-piece porcelain table service called The Keeper of All the Secrets based on a well-known Caribbean image, the Market Woman. It combines historic botanical illustration and depictions of enslaved West Africans and Indigenous people.

ABOUT TIME, SPACE AND EMPIRE

Culture& is excited to launch Time, Space and Empire (2024-2025), a multi-site, cross-arts programme exploring the concepts of time, space, and the development of Britain’s sea power during the expansion of its former empire in relation to the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site in Southeast London and the Potteries in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Programmes include artist interventions in heritage sites, working with community-led organisations to empower underrepresented audiences, and creating research opportunities for diverse talents. The project will also explore how the colonial economy brought changes to what was consumed and considered to be ‘good taste’.

FEATURED ARTWORK


Jacqueline Bishop
The Keeper of All The Secrets (Edition of 3)
2024
digital print on porcelain, gold lustre
12.5″

PROGRAMMING


Museum Late: Time, Space and Empire
A Long Table on Sugar, Tea, Plants and Pottery

Friday, August 23 | 6 – 8pm

BOOK YOUR FREE TICKET

Jacqueline Bishop: Fauna Poetry Reading

Saturday, August 24 | 1 – 2pm

BOOK YOUR FREE TICKET

Long Table on Sugar, Tea, Plants, and Pottery

Saturday, August 24 | 3 – 4pm

BOOK YOUR FREE TICKET

CRISTINA CÓRDOVA: EVA XV

CRISTINA CÓRDOVA: EVA XV

EVA XV
2022

unglazed: finished with burnished earth pigments from the island of Puerto Rico mixed with casein, lime, and oxides
60 x 18 x 22″

EVA XV

RECENTLY ON VIEW

Cristina Córdova, “EVA XV”, on view in the Spanish Colonial Gallery at the Figge Art Museum, Davenport, Iowa, 2024

2024 | Installation at the Figge Art Museum, Spanish Colonial Gallery
Davenport, IA

On view through 2024

Ferrin Contemporary “Our America/Whose America?” Anteroom Stair hall Installation at the Wickham House, Richmond, VA, 2024

OUR AMERICA/WHOSE AMERICA?

2024 | Group Exhibition in the Wickham House at the Valentine Museum | Richmond, VA

February 20, 2024 – April 21, 2024

Our America/Whose America? is a “call and response” exhibition between contemporary artists and historic ceramic objects.

View the exhibition page HERE

Ferrin Contemporary, "Are We There Yet?", 2023, Exhibition Installation View with work by Chris Antemann, Cristina Córdova, Sergei Isupov, Crystal Morey, & Kurt Weiser, Photo by John Polak Photography

Ferrin Contemporary, “Are We There Yet?”, 2023, Exhibition Installation View with work by Chris Antemann, Cristina Córdova, Sergei Isupov, Crystal Morey, & Kurt Weiser, Photo by John Polak Photography

ARE WE THERE YET?

2024 | Group Exhibition at Ferrin Contemporary | North Adams, MA

July 15 – September 2, 2023

ARE WE THERE YET? is a celebration of Ferrin Contemporary’s 40+ years as leaders in the field of modern and contemporary ceramics. What began in 1979 as a woman-owned cooperative studio and gallery in Northampton, MA has flourished across the years and the locations to become the international ceramic experts and material champions known as Ferrin Contemporary.

View the exhibition page HERE

Cristina Córdova, “EVA XV”, 2022, Installation in Figuring Space, at The Clay Studio, Philadelphia, PA

FIGURING SPACE

2024 | Group Exhibition at The Clay Studio | Philadelphia, PA

January 12 – April 16, 2023

The group of powerful, full-scale representations of human figures will serve as a body of evidence to lay bare the issues that permeate American art and social culture. Each of the artists chosen uses the figure to usurp the painful history of bodies on display in American history. They assert their autonomy and subjectivity by presenting cultural critiques through lenses of their own choosing: race, gender, class, and anti-war ideas. Roberto Lugo, Kensuke Yamada, Cristina Córdova, Chris Rodgers, Sergei Isupov, Christina West, Tip Toland, Jonathan Christensen Caballero, George Rodriguez, Roxanne Swentzell, and Kyungmin Park are among the invited artists.

ABOUT “EVA XV”


More on Cristina Córdova HERE

I have been sculpting my daughter since she was 9. This 15 year old version of Eva is unglazed and finished with burnished earth pigments from the island of Puerto Rico mixed with casein, lime, and oxides. They came specifically from two areas, one in Fajardo near the coast, where the rainforest is, and one from Orocovis in the mountainous center. Written on her back are the words “de monte y mar” ( “from mountain and sea” ) in gold, a phrase from the song Verde luz by El Topo (Antonio Cabal Vale), which became a symbol of national Puerto Rican pride and an anti-colonialist anthem.

In my practice, the image of Eva is the embodiment of change and possibility. It speaks to the inevitability of transience and the inherited threads of code that perpetuate both genes and identity. This piece seeks to perform both as a symbol and a relic by holding in its materiality a part of the Island that has thematically bound this whole series through the years, exploring the riches and vulnerabilities of this small Caribbean nation that is my home.

CLAYSCAPES

CLAYSCAPES

Clayscapes

At the Everson Museum of Art

Syracuse, NY

April 13 through October 20, 2024

Featuring:
Cristina Córdova
Paul Scott
Steven Young Lee

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


When he was in college in the 1970s, Syracuse artist and entrepreneur Don Seymour named a series of ceramic landscape sculptures Clayscapes. This hybrid word, with roots in the earth and the ceramic community that is built around shaping it, felt so powerful that when he founded his ceramic supply business in 2003, he named it Clayscapes. A year later, a studio was added, and in 2010, a gallery.

In Central New York, clay is literally a part of the landscape. The ample deposits of clay beneath our feet were formed over many millennia by the weathering of minerals, including the pink granite from the shores of Lake Ontario that comprises a substantial part of the Everson’s building. These resources made it possible for Indigenous Onondaga potters to make some of the most distinctive wares of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. As the area became colonized by Europeans, potters produced durable crockery for food and alcohol storage, as well as massive amounts of brick and tile. In 1841, W. H. Farrar started a small pottery business, becoming the Onondaga Pottery Company in 1871, and later evolving into Syracuse China, which was at one point the largest manufacturer of porcelain dinnerware in the United States.

Clayscapes is a tribute to clay’s ubiquitous presence in our lives, and to the powerful metaphorical and spiritual role that it can play. The Everson’s famous collection of ceramics is filled with works that explore the landscape—from artist Robert Arneson’s monumental celebration of California’s mountainous landscape to Uruguayan-born Lidya Buzio’s earthy vessels adorned with the skyline of her adopted home in New York City. The collection contains many commercially produced souvenir plates and pitchers meant to commemorate and memorialize specific places. These wares are a distinctive part of the Museum’s collection, and they provide inspiration for contemporary artists such as Paul Scott, who makes commemorative plates that reflect the ways that humans have altered the landscape and exploited its resources.

As artists continue to shape clay, Clayscapes recognizes the ways in which clay shapes us. The Everson’s ceramic collection is filled with work that documents the joys and sorrows of humankind’s relationship with the Earth. This exhibition pays tribute to the powerful connection between artists and the world around them.

Everson Museum of Art
401 Harrison Street
Syracuse, NY 13202

More on the Exhibition HERE

if you should forget me for a while

if you should forget me for a while

June 27 through September 29, 2024

Featuring work by Jacqueline Bishop, Melanie Bilenker, Venetia Dale, & Lauren Kalman

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


INSTALLATION IMAGES

Sienna Patti Contemporary’s summer exhibition features the work of four female artists whose work is deeply personal yet universally relatable. How will we be remembered? Will the memories be truthful? What role do we play in shaping that truth?

Melanie Bilenker‘s detailed work starts with the artist photographing herself at home and then painstakingly rendering it using her hair as the line. Hairwork, an intimate art form, was commonly used to commemorate a loved one, especially during Victorian times. Bilenker gives it a modern twist, immortalizing herself, or at least the impression of herself—a hand lightly touching a mirror. The artist is there, just out of sight. She has made lasting a single short moment. 

Jacqueline Bishop, whose interdisciplinary practice is research-based, is acutely aware of being both an insider and an outsider, having lived longer outside her birthplace of Jamaica than on the island itself. This perspective allows her to view an environment from a distance. Bishop’s series of porcelain plates, Fauna, are showcased in this exhibition alongside a tea set titled The Keeper of All The Secrets, featuring the well-known Caribbean image of the Market Woman. Through collage and porcelain, Bishop weaves together histories of the British Empire, Colonialism, and the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Venetia Dale also draws from history, collecting recent and antique unfinished embroideries and piecing them together to create tapestries that tell a new story. By stitching together unfinished moments of care and attention, the final embroideries link the labor of these anonymous creators at their points of pause. “I am a mother and the keeper of time in my family,” writes Venetia Dale. “By making space in my work to celebrate a pause or a fleeting gesture of care, these sculptural works become a monument to my labor as well as to the labor of those who came before me.”

In Lauren Kalman‘s recent series To Hold, plaster castings of the artist’s body are made and imprinted onto a blown glass vessel. With multiple assistants manipulating body parts, the plaster castings function like puppets, acting as a proxy for the body pressed against the molten glass. The carefully controlled form of the blown glass vessel is lost with the imprint of the body, leaving both a permanent distortion of the original form and a lasting imprint of the absent body. The To Have and To Hold series is made of wheel-thrown ceramic vessels distorted by holding them against the artist’s actual body – no casting needed. The imprint implies she was once there, the heavy vessel cradled in her arms.

FEATURED ARTWORK


Jacqueline Bishop
Fauna (Edition of 3)
2024
digital print on porcelain, gold lustre
various dimensions

Jacqueline Bishop
The Keeper of All The Secrets (Edition of 3)
2024
digital print on porcelain, gold lustre
12.5″

PRESS


REVIEW: In ‘if you should forget about me for a while,’ four women artists are rewriting their place in the world

By Jennifer Huberdeau | September 19, 2024

LENOX — In absence, there is presence. The four women artists — Melanie Bilenker, Jacqueline Bishop, Venetia Dale and Lauren Kalman — represented in “if you should forget me for a while” at Sienna Patti Contemporary, certainly fill the gallery with their presence.

READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE

50 Years in the Making: Alumni Exhibition

50 Years in the Making: Alumni Exhibition

June 13th – September 1st, 2024

At The Clay Studio
Philadelphia, PA

ABOUT THE EXHIBITION


INSTALLATION IMAGES

This Alumni Exhibition showcases artwork to reflect the current practice of the over 150 artist who have participated in The Clay Studio’s Resident Artist Program, Guest Artist Program, and Associate Artist Program over the 50 years since its founding. 

The artists who work within the walls of The Clay Studio are the creative engine that keeps the organization going and focused on supporting professional artists at all levels, emerging, mid-career, and established. We are thrilled to bring together over 100 of the artists who have had meaningful, sometimes career-altering experiences at The Clay Studio while also sharing their creativity and inspiration with our entire community.

ABOUT THE ARTISTS


& FEATURED WORK

Estonian-American, b. 1963 Stavropole, USSR,
lives and works between Cummington, MA, USA and Tallinn, Estonia

Sergei Isupov
“Game Changer”
2023
porcelain, underglaze, glaze
17.5 x 8 x 6.5″.

American, b. 1985, Cincinnati, OH
lives and works in Philadelphia, PA

Lauren Mabry
“Glazescape (Molten Cloud)”
Ceramic, glaze
16 x 23 x 11″

English, b. 1953, Darley Dale, Derbyshire, England
lives and works in Cumbria, UK

Paul Scott
“Cumbrian Blue(s), New American Scenery, Philadelphia/06. 02/14/04/24.”
Transfer (screen print) on shell edge pearlware platter
18 x 14.5″